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Vulvectomy is a surgical procedure that involves the removal of part or all of the vulva, the external female genitalia. It is most commonly performed to treat conditions such as vulvar cancer, precancerous lesions (vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia), or chronic conditions like lichen sclerosus that do not respond to other treatments. The extent of vulvectomy varies based on the underlying condition and may be classified as partial, where only a portion of the vulva is removed, or total, where the entire vulva is excised. In more severe cases, it may also include the removal of surrounding tissues and lymph nodes to prevent the spread of cancer. The procedure is usually performed under general anesthesia and may require hospitalization, depending on the extent of the surgery. Recovery can be lengthy and may involve both physical and emotional challenges due to the sensitivity and function of the vulva in sexual and urinary activities. Vulvectomy carries several potential complications, including infection, bleeding, and pain at the surgical site. Scarring and changes in the appearance of the genital area are common, which can impact body image and sexual function. Other complications may include difficulty urinating or wound healing problems. Long-term effects often include reduced sexual sensation and possible psychological impacts due to changes in sexual function or appearance. Post-operative care is essential, involving pain management, wound care, and psychological support. Regular follow-ups are needed to monitor for recurrence in cancer cases and to ensure proper healing and recovery.